ADVISORY NOTE FROM THE CORE GROUP CONSTITUTED IN REGARD TO EQUINE INFLUENZA
1. General Information:
a) Equine Influenza is an acute highly contagious viral disease of equines (horses, ponies, mules and donkeys), which spreads very fast. The disease is one of the OIE listed disease of equines.
b) The virus belongs to family Orthomyxoviridae and is a RNA virus. The disease occurs by two subtypes H3N8 (A/equi-2) and H7N7 (A/equi-1).
c) Animals suffering from the disease show the clinical signs, which include high raise of temperature, dry hacking cough, watery to mucopurulent discharge and pain in the limbs. Exercise makes the signs more prominent.
d) The disease spreads very fast and within 1-3 days animal starts showing clinical signs of the disease.
e) The morbidity due to the influenza (up to 80% – 90%) is very high in equines while mortality is low. Secondary complication like chronic bronchitis, chronic alveolar pulmonary emphysema and asthmatic conditions are noticed where animals are not given adequate rest and therapy.
f) Horses may keep on shedding the virus for 7-10 days. The most common way of spread is through aerosol route.
g) The virus can be spread by contact between infected and susceptible horses, contaminated equipment, susceptible horses coming in contact with premises or vehicles recently occupied by infected horses, which have not been decontaminated and through the persons attending the infected animals.
2. Samples to be Collected:
a) Nasal swabs. One swab from each nostril. A normal 6-inch wooden or plastic handle cotton swab is satisfactory. The swab should be kept immediately in phosphate buffered saline containing 40% glycerol or virus transport medium at 4¡C. The best time to collect samples is in the initial 24-48 hours of fever. The external nostrils should be wiped with clean swab prior to the collection of samples.
Note: The swabs should be sent to NRCE under cold condition at 4¡C (on ice) through a messenger immediately after collection.
b) 2-3 ml serum from the same animal should be collected at the time of collection of nasal swabs and sent to the laboratory. After 14 days a second sample of serum (paired serum sample) has to be collected for confirming equine influenza infection.
3. Treatment of the infected animals:
a) Animals showing clinical signs should be given symptomatic treatment.
b) Antibiotic coverage (broad spectrum) may be given to the sick animals to avoid secondary bacterial infections.
c) Animal should be given adequate rest for 3-4 weeks.
d) No vitamins etc should be given during the initial period of 2/3 weeks.
4. Control of Infection:
Quick and timely diagnosis is the best option to control the infection as the disease spreads very rapidly.
A. Detection of Infected animals and their quarantine:
a) The major strategy required for effective control of the disease is quick and timely detection of cases, strict quarantine and controlled movement of equine influenza infected animals within the state as well as outside the state. Interstate movement of the equines should be minimized and / or even stopped completely for six to eight weeks.
b) Immediately isolate the infected animal from the general population as well as from healthy stock within the same premises for 21 to 28 days.
c) Persons attending to the infected animal should not in any way go near the healthy animals. The utensils, water troughs, feed trough,etc should also not get mixed between healthy and infected animals.
d) Prompt diagnosis of equine respiratory disease by testing of nasal swabs and serum samples is essential for immediate control of this disease.
e) If disease is detected soon after introduction and is confined to a limited area, the aim will be to achieve containment and then eradication by quarantine and movement controls, without the need for vaccination.
f) Vaccination strategies for healthy stock, if adopted, can be one of the options only, in addition to quarantine and movement control to limit the rate of spread.
B. Disinfection of premises / hands / utensils
a) The influenza virus is fragile and can be quickly inactivated by exposure to ultraviolet light or sunlight, and by heating.
b) The virus has been shown to persist in water for 14 days at 4¡C and up to 2 days at 37¡C.
c) In horse urine it can survive for 5-6 days; and in soil under sunlight at 15¡C. for 8 hours.
The following steps need to be taken to ensure the control of the spread of infection:
i) Cleaning of Water Tanks.
Step I – Scrub with caustic soda (Vim Bar is good). Rinse the tank thoroughly.
Step II – Refilling process : Add safeguard
Compound: Iodophore dilution is 1 ml / 10 ltrs (for potable water) which is odorless and palatable.
ii) Stalls and Stable Area:
General Cleaning/dusting of floor/walls/roof/cracks and crevices, if any.
iii) Disinfecting the surfaces
a) Thoroughly clean the surfaces with detergents to remove grease /dirt.
b) Use hot water to clean the cracks and crevices.
c) Phenyl (1%), Chloroxylenol (Dettol) (1%), chlorhexidine (1-2%), formalin (0.2-0.5%) when applied for 20 to 30 minutes are effective in inactivating the virus.
d) Compound: Combination of 3 quarternany Amnonuim compounds out of which two are IInd generation, one is IV generation (i.e. Latest available) plus it has organic Tin derivative. (It is 100 times more potent than Copper Suphate and 1.10th in adverse effect to Copper Sulphate). This compound too is biodegradable. Recommended – Once a day for 15 days/Tapers down to once in two weeks / once in a month and continue monthly spray thereafter.
iv) Personal disinfection
a) Hand dip : Safeguard with higher concentration 8 – 10 ml/lt (Containers to be provided for dip)
b) The face, hair and skin especially of the exposed parts such as hands should be washed with soap and warm water.
c) Citric acid, a milder acid available as a powder, can be used safely for personnel and clothing decontamination at a concentration of 0.2% w/v.
d) Gum boots, overalls, etc. should be scrubbed with brush, washed with detergent, placed in the disinfectant and dried in the sunlight to ensure inactivation of the virus.
v) Equipments, feeding troughs and vehicles,etc
a) All equipment and track : includes Bit, Bridle, Leading Rope, Brushes, Curry Comb, Hof Pick, Thermometer, Saddles and Saddle pad – advised dip, rinse and sun dry.
b) Equipments and inside surfaces of vehicles used for transportation should be cleaned of straw and manure and washed and cleaned before being sprayed with a disinfectant (phenyl / formalin) and left unused in the open as the fumes from these disinfectants are irritant.
c) Wheels of the vehicles should be disinfected through use of wheel baths.
d) Ropes, twitches, etc. should be preferably discarded through burning and in case they are to be used again, then these should be disinfected which can be done by dipping them overnight in disinfectant (Dettol / chlorhexidine).
e) Feed bowls and troughs may similarly be disinfected.
f) Disposal of Horse Manure regularly, also cleaning of Nostrils by disposable paper tissue rolls as and when required.
f) Man movement from one yard to another has to be strictly curtailed.
g) Stable staff should be educated on control and hygiene.
h) Water the premises to keep the stable area absolutely dust free, also no smoking, fogging and avoid burning the waste and garbage to ensure pollution free surroundings.
5) Start working horses ( specific for Pune Race Course)
Those horses which have not suffered from Equine Influenza anytime after 21st October 2008 can start trotting for 3 minutes with immediate effect under the supervision of a Panel of Veterinarians appointed by the Club. Such horses will be checked by the Panel of Veterinarians before they go to trot. After coming back from the trot the Panel of Vets will again check these horses with Stethoscope (not endoscope) especially to ascertain whether the lungs are showing any abnormality. If there is anything wrong with any horse, then such horses would not be permitted to trot.
Note:- It may be possible that the stress as a result of trotting may cause some of these horses showing the latent Equine Influenza or fever and if it happens, such horses should be isolated and kept far away.
Those horses who have completed four clear weeks after relief of suffering from Equine Influenza can be trotted for 3 minutes as stated in 5 (a) above.
No horse would be permitted to work without clearance from the Panel of Vets appointed for the purpose.
6) Public Awareness.
a) Awareness in the horse industry is a must to gain cooperation and build confidence in controlling the disease.
b) All state Animal Husbandry Departments, NGO's working for the welfare of the equines and organized industry should be fully aware about the disease, measures to be taken to control the disease. NRCE has already informed the Directors of the concerned states and Army regarding the outbreak in their respective states.
c) Special care has to be taken to inform the individual horse owners in rural areas for the signs of the disease and that they should report to local veterinarian about the disease and the measures to be taken for control. This information can be given through pamphlets and handouts.
d) Support from local media and public relations campaign should be ensured for creating adequate awareness about the disease.
7. Advice to the owners
a) Owners should monitor the health of horses in the premises twice daily by observing for clinical signs such as coughing, nasal discharge, fever, if any.
b) Any suspected cases should be clearly identified, isolated, and specific samples as mentioned earlier should be sent to the laboratory.
c) The utensils, water troughs, feed troughs etc should not be allowed to get mixed between healthy and infected animals.
d) Limit people and vehicle access to the premises where horses are kept. Only essential visitors should be given the access. Visitors need to be kept away from horses.
e) Vehicles should be kept away from the horses and preferably left outside the gate.
No comments:
Post a Comment